Terms used in the research pages

A computer built into a product such as a car, home appliance, or industrial machine to control it. Most of the computers around us are embedded systems rather than PCs or smartphones.

An umbrella property covering safety, reliability, availability, security, and related qualities: what lets people keep using a system with confidence over its whole life.

The ability of a system to keep functioning and recover when parts of it fail or when its environment changes.

Not raw speed, but the guarantee that processing finishes within a fixed deadline. A brake control program that is usually fast but occasionally late is not real-time.

An operating system designed for systems with deadlines. It gives fine-grained control over the priority and timing of tasks.

Deciding the order and timing in which tasks receive the CPU and other computing resources.

Running functions of different importance (criticality) safely together on a single computer, so that a failure in a less important function cannot disturb a critical one.

A car whose features can be added or changed through software updates after it is sold.

A testing technique that feeds a program large numbers of automatically generated inputs to uncover bugs and vulnerabilities.

Techniques that verify properties of systems and programs rigorously, based on mathematical models rather than testing alone.

A structured argument, backed by evidence, that shows why a system is safe or secure.

A standard in-vehicle network that connects the electronic control units (ECUs) inside a car.

Devices such as appliances, sensors, and industrial equipment connected to networks, exchanging data with services and with each other.

A way of keeping records shared across many participants so that they are very hard to tamper with, without relying on a single administrator.

A program stored on a blockchain that executes automatically according to predefined conditions.

A general term for decentralized services built on blockchains and smart contracts, operated without a single central administrator.

A cryptographic technique for proving that a statement is true without revealing the underlying data.

An arrangement in which multiple independently owned and operated systems cooperate to achieve a purpose that none of them could achieve alone.

A service that combines trains, buses, ride-sharing, and other transport modes into a single, seamless offering.

A virtual replica of a real system or environment, used to simulate, analyze, and verify its behavior.